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Charminar is a historic city noted for its many,, mosques and. A multitude of influences has shaped the character of the city in the last 400 years. Applause Guitars Serial Numbers here. Hyderabad is the permanent capital of the Indian state Telangana and temporarily the capital of the Indian state Andhra Pradesh. The city is forming its role and outlook as part of the booming service industry revolution, and is trying to preserve and popularize its history. The History of this city, has deeply affected the culture, language, and cuisine of the, living here, and the areas once part of. Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Ancient history [ ] Archaeologists excavating near the city have unearthed sites that can be dated to 500.

The area around Hyderabad was ruled by the Mauryan Empire in the third century B.C during the reign of. After the death of Ashoka (232 BCE), as the Maurya Empire began to weaken and decline, the who started out as feudatories to the Mauryan dynasty, declared independence and established their empire in this region. The or Andhra Empire, was a royal Indian dynasty based from and in Andhra Pradesh as well as Junnar (Pune) and Prathisthan (Paithan) in Maharashtra. The territory of the empire covered much of the & for 450 years,i.e., from 230 BCE onward until around 220 CE. After the decline of the Satavahana Empire in 210 AD, the region came under the rule of the dynasty (225 AD - 325 AD), the successors of the Satavahanas in the eastern Deccan. The capital of dynasty was the town of in modern-day Guntur district and named after, a southern Indian master of who lived in the 2nd century AD, who is believed to have been responsible for the Buddhist activity in the area. Medieval history [ ] Various Buddhist and Hindu kingdoms ruled the area during the subsequent centuries.

The area was ruled by the branch of the kings. When the kingdom became weaker,, who were feudal chieftains of Chalukya, declared independence and set up their kingdom around. The Kakatiyas build the Fort in the vicinity of Hyderabad as part of their western defenses along the lines of the. The city and the fortress were built on a hill that is 120 meters (480 ft) high, surrounded by massive. The fort was rebuilt and strengthened by Rani and her successor. The fall of Warangal to 's forces from the in 1321 AD brought anarchy to the region.

[ ] Later, the Golkonda fort came under the control of the, who defeated the army occupying. For the next few decades, the of the Deccan fought the Musunuri Nayakas on the north and the on the south for control of the region. [ ] The Golkonda fort was ceded by the Musunuri Kapaya Nayak to the as part of a treaty in 1364. By the middle of the 15th century, the region was under the firm control of the Bahmani Sultanate which controlled the Deccan north of the from coast to of sultanat [ ] Under the Bahmani Sultanate, Golkonda slowly rose to prominence. 1487–1543), sent as a governor of Telangana, established it as the seat of his government around 1501.

Bahmani rule gradually weakened during this period, and Sultan Quli formally became independent in 1538, establishing the based in Golkonda. Over a period of 62 years, the mud fort was expanded by the first three Qutb Shahi sultans into the present structure, a massive of granite extending around 5 km in. It remained the capital of the Qutb Shahi dynasty until 1590 when the capital was shifted to the present city of.

Founding [ ] In 1589,, the ruler of Qutb Shahi dynasty, selected the present site of the city and named it 'Bhaganagar' or 'Bhāgyanagar' after, a local (dancing) girl with whom he had fallen in love. She converted to and adopted the title Hyder Mahal.

The city was renamed Hyderabad in her honour. According to another source, the city was named after Haidar, the son of Quli Qutb Shah. Andrew Petersen, a scholar of Islamic architecture, says the city was originally called Baghnagar (city of gardens). The Qutb Shahis [ ]. The Golconda Sultanate [ ] In 1463, dispatched to the region to quell disturbances.

Sultan Quli quelled the disturbance and was rewarded as the administrator of the region. He established a base at hill fortress of which he strengthened and expanded considerably. By the end of the century, Quli ruled from Golconda as the Subedar of Telangana region.

Quli enjoyed virtual independence from, where the Bahmani sultanate was then based. In 1518, when the disintegrated into five different kingdoms, with the others based in,, and. Sultan Quli declared independence from the Bahmani Sultanate and established the Golconda Sultanate under the title 'Sultan Quli Qutub Shah', he rebuilt the mud-fort of Golconda and named the city as 'Muhammad nagar'. Founding of a new city [ ] Mohammed Quli Qutub Shah of the Qutub Shahi dynasty built the city of Hyderabad on the Musi River five miles (8 km) east of Golconda in 1589. The Purana Pul ('old bridge') spanning the Musi was built a few years earlier, enabling quick travel between Golconda and Hyderabad. Hyderabad was named as the City of Hyder after the title of the Fourth Caliph Ali. Many people though, commonly believe that the city of 'Hyderabad' was named after the people as their residence as 'City of the Brave' from the Persian words 'Hyder/Haider' (Persian and Urdu meaning lion or brave) and 'Abad/Abaad' (Persian and Urdu meaning abode or populated) after surviving the plaque epidemic that ravaged Golkonda.

There is another urban myth and folklore which may be an apocryphal that the Sultan named it after his wife Hyder Mahal (not likely he gave her a male name or title). Lack of space for expansion in Golconda fort city made the Sultan called up his best of advisers to search for a new virgin wooded elevated land site near a river void of any man-made structures or monuments. The city concept was planned on grid-iron pattern reflective of well related precincts with an iconic monument as the main foci.

He also ordered the construction of the Char Minar in 1591 a tall structure to oversee the urban development and to keep watch of the river banks flooding the nearby areas causing epidemics of grave nature. Growth of the new city [ ] The early history of Hyderabad is inextricably intertwined and fortune rose during the 16th and early 17th centuries, Hyderabad became a center of a vibrant diamond trade. All seven Qutb Shahi sultans were patrons of learning and were great builders. They contributed to the growth and development of - and - literature and culture in Hyderabad. Some of the sultans were known as patrons of local Telugu culture as well. During the Qutb Shahi reign Golconda became one of the leading markets in the world for diamonds,,, arms, and also printed fabric. In the 16th century the city grew to accommodate the surplus population of and eventually became the capital of the Qutb Shahi rulers.

Hyderabad became known for its gardens (called baghs) and its comfortable weather. Mughal conquest and rule [ ] By the mid-17th century, politics in the Deccan were ready for yet another tectonic shift. Prince spent most of his time in the Deccan fighting local Hindu and Muslim kingdoms to establish and enforce Mughal Sovereignty.

After the death of in 1666, Aurangzeb consolidated his power in Delhi as Emperor and returned to the south. He spent most of his imperial reign in military camps in the Deccan, in an almost desperate campaign to expand the empire beyond the greatest extent it had reached under. The biggest prize in his eyes was the rich city of Hyderabad, protected by the reportedly impregnable fort of Golconda. Hyderabad falls to the Mughals [ ] Aurangzeb with his commanders Khwaja Abid Siddiqi (Qulich Khan) s/o Shaikh Mir Ismail Siddiqi and Qaziuddin Siddiqi (Feroze Jung) father and son laid siege to Golconda in 1686. Golconda held fast under months of siege, and Aurangzeb had to retreat in frustration.

Aurangzeb returned in 1687 and laid siege for 9 months camping in the Fateh Maidan ('victory field', now the Lal Bahadur Stadium). Khwaja Abid Siddiqi (Qulich Khan) died in these war and was buried at Kismatpur near Attapur Hyderabad. Local legend has it that the fortress held on, but the gates were opened at night by a saboteur Abdullah Khan Pani who was bribed by Aurangzeb. Sultan Abul Hassan Tana Shah, the seventh king of the dynasty, was taken prisoner. Hyderabad's independence was eclipsed. Aurangzeb's efforts would turn out largely in vain, with Hyderabad remaining in Mughal hands for less than four decades. For a few decades, Hyderabad declined, and its vibrant diamond trade was all but destroyed.

Aurangzeb's attention moved away quickly to other parts of the Deccan, with the Marathas slowly but steadily gaining ground against the Mughals. The Asaf Jahis [ ]. Viceroys become kings [ ] With the emaciation of the Mughal Empire after Aurangzeb's death in 1707, the Mughal-appointed governors of Hyderabad gained more autonomy from Delhi. In 1724,Chin Qulich Khan Mir Qamaruddin Siddiqi son of Qaziuddin Siddiqi and grandson of Khwaja Abid siddiqi (Qulich Khan), who was granted the title (governor of the country) by the Mughal emperor, defeated a rival official to establish control over Hyderabad. Thus began the Asaf Jahi dynasty that would rule Hyderabad until a year after India's independence from Britain.

Hyderabad starts growing again [ ]. Main street of Hyderabad with Charminar, 1890 Asaf Jah's successors ruled as of Hyderabad. The rule of the seven Nizams saw the growth of Hyderabad both culturally and economically. Hyderabad became the formal capital of the kingdom and Golconda, the former capital, was all but abandoned.

Survey work on had also begun during this time. The Nizams and foreign powers [ ] When the and the spread their hold over the country, successive Nizams won their friendship without bequeathing their power. The Nizams allied themselves with each side at different times, playing a significant role in the wars involving of, the British and the French. During the reign of the third Nizam,, the city of was founded to station French troops and subsequently, British troops. The British stationed a at Hyderabad and their own troops at Secunderabad, but the state continued to be ruled by the Nizam. Maintenance of British forces, which was part of with British, put heavy burden on Hyderabad state and bankrupted it in early 19th century. Hyderabad, under the Nizams, was the largest in, with an area larger than, and combined.

It was considered the 'senior-most' princely-state, and within the elaborate protocols of the Raj, its ruler the Nizam was accorded a 21-gun salute. Development of modern facilities and industrialization in Hyderabad city started in late 19th century. The State had its own,,, and system. There was no. The amassed a lot of wealth. Industrialisation [ ] Various industries emerged in pre-independence Hyderabad, the major industries that were established in various parts of Hyderabad/ are: Industries in pre-Independence Hyderabad Company Year 1920 1921 1930 1934 1936 1937 1942 1943 1945 1946 1946 Integration into the Indian Union [ ].

Main articles: and When India gained in 1947, the Nizam declared his intention to remain independent, either as a sovereign ruler or by acquiring status within the. In order to keep essential trade and supplies flowing, he signed a with the which surrounded him on all sides. The law and order situation soon deteriorated, with escalating violence between the private army fighting for continuation of the Nizam's rule and the people with the support of the leaders like and the communists of, were fighting for joining in the Indian Union. As the violence spiraled out of control with refugees flowing into the coastal Andhra region of the state of India, the Indian Government under Home Minister initiated a police action titled. On September 16, 1948, Indian Army moved into Hyderabad State from five fronts.

Four days later, the Hyderabad forces surrendered. The number of dead was a little over 800 [ ]. The Police Action achieved success within a matter of days. The Nizam finally surrendered and signed the to the Indian Union and was integrated into the as a. In 1955,, the then chairman of, expressed in his report that the city should be designated as the of India after. He expressed: 'Hyderabad has all the amenities which Delhi has and it is a far better city than Delhi. It has all the grandeur which Delhi has.

Buildings are going cheap and they are really beautiful buildings, far superior to those in Delhi. The only thing that is wanting is a Parliament House which the Government of India can easily build.' Hyderabad State [ ]. Main article: On November 1, 1956, the states of India were reorganized on grounds. Consequently, the terrorities of the State of Hyderabad were divided between newly created, (later ), and. Hyderabad and the surrounding areas were into India, and later to based on linguistic majority, and Hyderabad became the capital of the new state of.

On 2 June 2014, was separated from Andhra Pradesh as a new 29th state of India, with the city of as its capital. Government of India [ ] Since 1956,, Hyderabad, has been the second official residence and business office of the. Gallery [ ] •. • Ahmed, Akbar S. • Venkateshwarlu, K.

(10 September 2008)... Retrieved 7 June 2013. •, pp. 25-26. • Saqi Mustaid Khan, Ma'asir-i-Alamgiri, Translated by, Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta; 1947, p. 183 •, p. 44.

•, pp. 66-67. • Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. • Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2007)...

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Publications Division, Ministry of Informations and Broadcasting, Government of India. Retrieved 7 January 2013. • Khan, Masud Ḥusain (1996).. Sahitya Akademi. Retrieved 7 January 2013. • Reddy, Gayatri (2005). With respect to sex: negotiating hijra identity in south India.

University of Chicago Press. • Kakar, Sudhir (1996). The colors of violence: cultural identities, religion, and conflict. University of Chicago Press.

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• Petersen, Andrew (1996). Dictionary of Islamic architecture.. • Sardar, Marika (2007). Golconda through time: a mirror of the evolving Deccan.

• Jaisi, Sidq (2004). The nocturnal court: life of a prince of Hyderabad. Oxford University Press. • Sastri, Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta (1976).

A history of south India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar.. • Nayeem, M.A (28 May 2002).. Retrieved 18 December 2013.

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Introduction Sanscript is an online transliterator. All modern Indian scripts are supported. Sanscript supports the full ITRANS standard for Sanskrit and Devanagari. Using the Program Here's how you start. Choose a source script in the 'From:' field and a destination script in the 'To:' field. Put the text you want to transliterate into the left box.

Then, click the blue arrow ➠ to run the program. If you click the double arrows ↔, the left and right sides are switched. Notes The quality of your result depends on your computer's font support. • For Devanagari, the best script available to you is.

• For Roman type, the best script available to you is. Download the 'Gentium 1.02' package at the bottom of the page. FAQ • Q: Why doesn't Sanscript transliterate as I type? Sanscript is meant to do one thing well. Its purpose is to be a small but speedy transliteration tool for people dealing with Sanskrit texts and documents (although by happy coincidence Hindi and some other languages are fully supported).

In fact, Sanscript was designed under the guidance of the owner of to be a fast program for processing Sanskrit text. Live transliteration would require some additions to the code, and these additions would become major if Sanscript also had to account for approximate transliterations. If you're still looking for live transliteration tools, there are plenty of other programs you can use, including. But Sanscript is meant for a different kind of transliteration. • Q: Will you add full support for other Indic scripts, like Telugu? The short answer: yes, eventually.

As in the case of live translation I hadn't thought about implementing this feature. In truth, Sanscript was meant for Sanskrit from the start. However, I think it would be nice if Sanscript could better live up to its name.

The original name was a simple pun on 'Sanskrit' and 'script' — as in 'web script' or 'Javascript' — but at the risk of sounding like a, I'll say that it could also be seen as 'sans script,' i.e. A tool that seamlessly converts the whole of one script into the next. (An even better name might be 'Transcript'!) I think that it wouldn't be too hard to update the code to support sounds like the short vowels that feature so commonly in South Indian scripts like Telugu, but these days I'm short on time. As of December 5 2010, I still need to finish the grammar guide and make it more usable and user-friendly. For me, that is a bigger priority.

Contact You can contact me either through the.